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Even the smallest organisms are complex and require multiple regulatory mechanisms to coordinate internal functions, such as the transport of nutrients, response to stimuli, and coping with environmental stresses.
Homeostasis refers to the relatively stable internal environment required to maintain life.
For example, organ systems such as the digestive or circulatory systems perform specific functions like carrying oxygen throughout the body, removing wastes, delivering nutrients to every cell, and cooling the body.
Concepts of Biology by OpenStax – licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License v4.0
Cellular processes such as the building and breaking down of complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed.
Just as living things must continually consume food to replenish their energy supplies, cells must continually obtain more energy to replenish that used by the many energy-requiring chemical reactions that constantly take place.
Together, all of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that consume or generate energy, are referred to as the cell’s metabolism.
Concepts of Biology by OpenStax – licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License v4.0
All living organisms on earth consist of one or more cells. Each cell runs on the chemical energy found mainly in carbohydrate molecules (food), and the majority of these molecules are produced by one process: photosynthesis.
Through photosynthesis, certain organisms convert solar energy (sunlight) into chemical energy, which is then used to build carbohydrate molecules.
The energy used to hold these molecules together is released when an organism breaks down food. Cells then use this energy to perform work, such as cellular respiration.
Concepts of Biology by OpenStax – licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License v4.0